1. At the beginning of this episode, Krukowski asserts, “the marginal-the rejected-the repressed-is whatever the powerful have decided is of no use at the moment.” What does he mean by this statement? He goes on to ask, “But might it [the marginal-the rejected-the repressed] not be a key to alternate approaches-to art, to society-to power itself?” (“Marginalized” is an adjective that describes a person, group, or concept that is treated as insignificant or peripheral.)

What is he trying to get at with this question? How does music indicate the differences between the powerful and the marginalized?

Everything can be transformed, and after some work on that it can even be seen as something powerful. What we call marginalized at some point can become something significant for yourself or society once it gets the attention from someone else. He inquires if the forgotten/counter culture can build itself up into its own society and culture

2. How are the music listening experiences enabled by Forced Exposure different from those that Paul Lamere is working on with platforms like Spotify?

Digital Companies such as Spotify, Apple music and Pandora have music recommendations done by computers using algoritmos through social recommendation, acoustic similarity and cultural recommendations. The difference is that the forced exposure is listForced Expose can have a human give you a personalized recommendation because they listened to the music themselves.

3. What distinctions does Krukowski draw between being “surprised” by music and “discovering” music? What are the differences between these experiences and according to Krukowski, why are they important?
Surprise is not always a good thing, we want to find things that we are comfortable with that way Krukowski points out that we are not discovering new things. These programs are giving us what we are looking for based on our music recommendations.

4. According to Krukowski, what is noise? What is signal? Why are these distinctions important?
Signal is the message without interference understanding the sounds, in other words signal is where we want to put our attention in. On the other hand, noises are sounds that we are not interested in.

5. What central idea about noise does this episode convey? Why is it significant?
Noises are sounds that we are not interested in, everything is noise until the point we identify a signal we are interested in. We can never completely delete the noise.

6. How does this episode relate to other episodes?
The importance of combining different sounds creating a significant signal. Krukowski uses the noise concept to relate all the episodes. Concluding that every sound is composed of noises and important it is.

1.What is Krukowski’s main point about how we experience time in the “real” world versus are experiences with “digital” time? Why are these differences significant?
The real time is experienced subjectively. On the other hand, digital time is not live time, it has latency. Real time gives us the chance of everyone sharing the same experience at the same time and digital time disconnects us from sharing experiences simultaneously. This disconnect is significant because it can have as a consequence solating us even more than we already are.

2. What does Krukowski mean when he says that listening has a lot to do with how we navigate space?
The sounds in an environment is what makes us aware of where we are. You can hear the ambulance siren in the streets, children play in the playground, friends listening to loud music celebrating the weekend, all of that information shows us where we are and where we are going.

3. In the interview at the beginning of the episode, Jeremiah Moss argues that developers in Astor Place are “privatizing public space in a very stealth way.” What does he mean by this? What does Moss say about the distinction between public and private space, and why is it important?
It is a public place. However, it is possible to see the private security guards walking around. It is supposed to be a place where people protest a place to show you freedron but now there are signs everywhere showing you what to do, because there are rules. That is significant because people now have less fredroom, they are losing their own place.

4. What is the significance of Emily Thompson’s idea that the development of concert halls arose from desires to “control interior spaces”? How is this desire, according to Krukowski, related to earbuds and headphones?
Concert Halls:
Control sound is about preventing sounds from echoing/propagating from the audience area. Making that the sound from the stage is heard everywhere and the sound of the audience is not heard. In other words, trying to copy outside nature that does not have echoes. Headphones are used as a protection to be away from other people, that is how we control our internal space.

5. In your own opinion, what are the key ideas from this episode about the relationship between sound and space? What strikes you as interesting about the ways that sound influences our experience of space.

I believe many people use the sounds as a form of protection to get around. Sounds can have influence over space giving us the opportunity to experience different kinds of feelings like happiness for the new parents watching their baby, sadness for the old guy sitting on the subway holding alcohol, annoyance with the sounds of traffic.

1. According to John Berger, everything that persuades individuals to consume a product is considered advice. They create dream lives and try to sell the perfection as if what they sell us will fix us. It is significant because what they propose isn’t real.

2. The paintings hide their “imperfections” and the photograph shows you a life of glamour that is available to everyone but a few people ever have. While we know the publicity does not represent us, but instead of that creates dreams for us that are not real.

3. One of the examples that John Berger gives us is about the “perfect skin”. It gives people the idea that once you use their product you will be able to have a perfect skin, like the one that they show all the hands touching. They make you think that with “perfect skin” you will be accepted.

1. Being naked means being yourself, being who you are. But when we talk about nude it means being watched by someone else. I believe the most significant difference between them is the loss of the essence. When women are depicted nude in art they get material values, being seen as an object. We can use as an example the Brazilian Carnaval, women are exposed seminaked in the most commercials and advertisements as a trophy.

2. According to Berger, the paintings do not represent the women’s own feelings but their submission for the men, they are created for the male satisfaction. The pictures represent women being constantly judged by men, where the most beautiful women will be “chosen” by them. The woman is seen as a sexual object. I believe that it is still possible to see many men who see women as an object, as cleaner or as someone that needs to be there to serve them, as represented in the depictions.

3. In Berger’s description the mirror is represented as a vanity symbol of women. He also highlights that the pictures are painted for the men’s pleasure. While a woman looks at herself through the mirror, she’s thinking of the way men will see her. During his interview some of the women described the paintings as unreal, saying that the older European art paintings do not show dynamism and women are represented in a humiliation context, portraying women as “inanimate pleasure symbol”.