EPISODE: 5

1. At the beginning of this episode, Krukowski asserts, “the marginal-the rejected-the repressed-is whatever the powerful have decided is of no use at the moment.” What does he mean by this statement? He goes on to ask, “But might it [the marginal-the rejected-the repressed] not be a key to alternate approaches-to art, to society-to power itself?” (“Marginalized” is an adjective that describes a person, group, or concept that is treated as insignificant or peripheral.)

When Damon Krukowski enters the record store, he finds that some specific albums/records are preserved for a long time. Also, these records are expired/out-of-date. I really think that the reason is   people usually like to download music from online music websites and not want to go to music record/albums stores. As a result, the records what only available in the record stores become valueless/unused. However, the records can give a new vision of art. Another thing is we can find much information on a music store. Such as the author pointed out that workers in the music store can provide information about music/records about many years ago that you did not know or thought. Moreover, music albums/records in the record store are in the form of physical/material and it has more attraction or attention than the non-physical music what usually on the internet. Also, we can discover a new category of music that we don’t know by visiting music stores.

2. How are the music listening experiences enabled by Forced Exposure different from those that Paul Lamere is working on with platforms like Spotify?

First of all, Jimmy from Forced Exposure listens songs what he like and what he chosen. Here he can listen and gather/find what kind of music he likes and want to hear in the future. On the other side, Paul Lamere from Spotify who creates algorithm to choose songs from millions of songs based on the category you heard before. It’s like an automatic system/process and people can’t discover new variety of music. Moreover, they will stick with the trend. Also, listening experience of music will never fulfill like the satisfying experience Jimmy had.

3. What distinctions does Krukowski draw between being “surprised” by music and “discovering” music? What are the differences between these experiences and according to Krukowski, why are they important?

Surprising and discovering has different kind of relations. First of all, when we hear a new type of music, it’s like a surprising moment for us and we eager to hear more type of music in the future afterwards. On the other side, discovering is what we are usually searching for. Such as we can get the same type of songs on the Spotify based on the songs we listened. Here technology cannot help us to get new vibes of music. In addition, we cannot get out from the same music taste. Therefore, many information about an innovative kind of music get disappeared.

EPISODE: 6

4. According to Krukowski, what is noise? What is signal? Why are these distinctions important?

First of all, the signal is the sound what we want to hear and the remainder of the sound is the noise. It relies upon our cerebrums/brains/mind. However, in the studio the musicians and producers increase the volume of signal and decrease the volume of noise, blended the music very excellently and make signal and noise sounds more clear so it can give us the full fulfillment of a song.

5. What central idea about noise does this episode convey? Why is it significant?

Producers and musicians usually maximize the volume of the signal and minimize the volume of noise. Noise is the unwanted sounds related to signal and this is very significant. Without noise the song may sound slightly better, but it will never sound like a perfect song all the time. Noise can upgrade the signal and makes the song more powerful and rhythmic. In the meantime, musicians use software to take out the noise. Nevertheless, they can reduce the noise insisted if removing it. Noise is inevitable and also carries the meaning of a song.

6. How does this episode relate to other episodes? 

The episode relates to other episodes of Ways of Hearing. Much the same as the ‘’noise’’ peoples/individuals ignore the unwanted sounds by headphones or cellphones. In addition, noise has been diminished in right now. For instance, until further notice anyone who doesn’t care for a conversation or anything can put on the headphones to ignore the surroundings or other interruptions.

EPISODE: 3

1. According to Krukowski, what are the main differences between a microphone and a cellphone and why is this difference important?

Generally, the sound of our voice changed in the cellphones. The reason is cellphone’s mic reduce the sound quality of the voice. Cellphones don’t transfer the whole sounds. It just only focuses on the vocal also the mic of the cellphones is delicate. Cellphones remove the unwanted sound. And we cannot express our feelings properly on cellphones. I want to add that people cannot express their whole feelings or emotions on cellphones but microphones do this clearly, because it doesn’t reduce the sound like cellphones. Microphones sound clearer than cellphones. Furthermore, microphones are best for recording songs or podcast and cellphones are best for communication. Fortunately, nowadays many cellphones have slightly better quality mic similar like microphones.

2. What do Krukowski and Gary Tomlinson, the professor he interviews, assert about the “musical” qualities of the voice and how are these changed by digital transmission?

People can properly express their feelings or emotions by microphones. And people can understand the feelings. On the other hand, on cellphones people cannot understand the emotions or feelings. The reason is a digital transmission relies upon their information perusing to transmit. At the point when individuals talking, they have emotions, however advanced just transmit what they read, not sentiments. As a result, the emotions or feelings vanish during the transformation process in cellphones what is a bad thing and the essential parts of our voice get vanished.

3. What is the significance of Krukowski’s comments on the voice to ideas about community and interpersonal connection?

We can travel to anyone with our voice. The voice has the power to express feelings. So, we can meet our favorite persons our voice even though we are far away from each other. The voice connects us very firmly with expressions. Therefore, voice can reach everywhere and distance doesn’t matter at all.

EPISODE: 4

4. Krukowski begins by discussing the issue of music file sharing. What is your opinion of this issue? Should music be freely available, or should one have to pay?

Music file sharing is a very common thing. People usually share their favorite music with whom they think will like the same music/song. I think it is a very good thing with a bad thing. First, the good thing is people can raise the popularity of an artist. The fan base of a musician can be large enough in the entire world. Another point is people can get the same vibes with the same music. However, sharing is like a threat. Musicians cannot earn proper money for sharing music. They don’t make music for free. Most of them makes music for their living. Unfortunately, people hear their music on online for absolutely free. But people usually don’t buy the song or album afterwards. As a result, the musicians don’t get enough admiration/respect and money even though they work very hard to make a song or an album. I really think that if anyone likes a song of a singer, he/she should buy the song or the album of the musician and it can be appreciated for the musician.

5. How does this episode represent the relationships between music, community, and culture?

Music has the power to provide a message. The reason is it has lyrics and rhythms. These things can easily spread a message with emotions and meanings. Therefore, if a musician writes about a political song it will influence the community in a good or bad way, depends on the perspective of the song. And if a musician writes a song about cultural viewpoint it will embody the culture in a good or bad way. Moreover, music is attached to the culture and community for the lyrics and rhythms.

6. Does charging money for music impede the formation of communities around this music or does it help support the circulation of music?

First of all, all musicians need financial affluence for their hard-work on creating music. In that case, I don’t think charging money for music block the formation of communities around music. When people love a song they want to buy the whole album of that song. And still many people buying albums or a song even though we can listen or download songs free on online. Also, if people pay for an album they will definitely remember the album and the artist. Therefore, if people like the album of a musician they will intend to buy his/her next album in future. Also, the musician can get enough money to make more enhanced music in the future.

EPISODE: 1

1.What is Krukowski’s main point about how we experience time in the “real” world versus are experiences with “digital” time? Why are these differences significant?

Krukowski’s main point about how we experience time in the “real” world versus are experiences with “digital” time is that how we living in a time. First of all, Real-world time is the time we usually live. We can feel and see every moment what is true. On the other hand, Digital-time is like a pre-organized time. That’s why we know what will transpire in the future. Digital-time can be controlled or re-create. As a result, the original/true vibes are totally lost for the digital-time what we used to get from the real-world time. And I think this is a main significance between real and digital world time.

2. What does Krukowski mean when he says that listening has a lot to do with how we navigate space?

When Krukowski says that listening has a lot to do with how we navigate space, he meant the sound has the power/skill to navigate our position/location of where we are. By sound we can simply find where we are. If we focus on the sounds surrounding us, we can easily identify where we are. For example: if I am walking in a street and hear a music what is similar to me, I can easily guess the place. Consciousness of sound helps to find a place.

EPISODE: 2

3. In the interview at the beginning of the episode, Jeremiah Moss argues that developers in Astor Place are “privatizing public space in a very stealth way.” What does he mean by this? What does Moss say about the distinction between public and private space, and why is it important?

In the interview at the beginning of the episode, Jeremiah Moss argues that developers in Astor Place are “privatizing public space in a very stealth way.” These days many people usually walk around with their screens and don’t want to hear generally for the headphones. People are avoiding ear-contact. They are making some kind of private bubbles to move through public space. As a result, these bubbles changed the public space into private space. Now public places have rules are being controlled by specific companies. However, people don’t understand about the invasion of public spaces. If so, this change would not have been seen. Unfortunately, people lost their consciousness about public space in their concentration for their screen.

4. What is the significance of Emily Thompson’s idea that the development of concert halls arose from desires to “control interior spaces”? How is this desire, according to Krukowski, related to earbuds and headphones?

The significance of Emily Thompson’s idea that the development of concert halls arose from desires to “control interior spaces” because the cause of the growing loudness/volume of sounds. Such as the sound of subways, elevated trains, loud engines of cars or motorbikes. As a result, it’s very hard for people to stay or concentrate with the loud sounds. In this circumstance, people use earbuds and headphones to stay in a private interior space with avoiding interruption from outside.

5. In your own opinion, what are the key ideas from this episode about the relationship between sound and space? What strikes you as interesting about the ways that sound influences our experience of space.

In my opinion, the key ideas from this episode about the relationship between sound and space is we can travel by or through a sound. We can notice our spot/location by listening sounds so we can also go different places by hearing sounds. For example: we can feel the vibe of rain by hearing raining sounds with close eyes even though it’s not raining.

Question- 1:

First of all, we are surrounded by images of publicity/advertising in our daily life. The images encourage our imagination by expectation. John Berger pointed out, “It’s a language with words and images which calls out to us”. In reality, publicity hypnotizes our mind to buy specific products which have values or can bring high-status to us. John Berger pointed out that “Publicity usually persuade us to buy a product to make ourselves rich, even though we will be poorer”. And that’s the purpose of publicity. People who, influenced by publicity buy products and become envy to others. As a result, other people who are unenviable tries to buy products for high-status and here publicity what manufacture the glamour. Glamour works through the eye and the mirror and without social envy, glamour cannot exist. Also, glamour did not exist in the era of the oil painting. Another point is publicity abuses public figures for sell specific products. Moreover, publicity is very significant I think. The reason is most of the profits of selling products are come from publicity. Publicity changed our mind and creates a delusion to buy a specific product to reach in high-level from low-level, even though it’s making us poor/meager. However, publicity uses some methods of art to sell the product such as: atmosphere, settings, signals or objects to sell products.

Question- 2:

Oil paintings usually trying to show what someone is capable of and their status in the society. It describes someone’s own feeling of his own worth. Also, it displays the perspective on himself as he as of now might have been. The people who could pay for oil paintings were at the head of the social class. That’s why they didn’t have yearned for additional. On the other hand, publicity uses oil paintings for advertising products what creates an eagerness to humans’ mind to buy products. Oil painting have been swapped by the model. Publicity uses some strategies of art to sell the product such as: atmosphere, settings, signals or objects to sell products. Eventually, it affects people’s wealth for some temporary excitement/pleasure. As a result, publicity wins and human lose, but not for everybody.

Question- 3:

John Berger explains three kinds of dreams, what are used in publicity. One dream is “The Dream of later Tonight”- Everybody is encircled by what brings joy, however it is you who will bring the best delight of all. This dream displays individuals incredibly appreciating each other’s conversation with all the members being attractive and very sharp looking. Here the most enviable person becomes the role model of the party and also the splendid person. However, thoughts like this is the most common imagination of human and publicity uses this for sell specific products. Usually we can see advertising of scents, diamonds/jewelries, watches, suits/outfits what related with “The Dream of later Tonight”. As a result, people get mesmerized and thinks without that dream related products, he/she cannot be the attractive human in the society.

Question: 1

Nudity is a form of art and it’s a tradition in European Art. Also, Berger indicated that ‘’nude has to be seen as an object in order to become a nude’’. Moreover, nudes in various poses may express basic or difficult emotions such as the pathos. On the other hand, nakedness is the state of being naked. It infers a person who is unprotected or defenseless. Berger pointed out that nakedness is a celebration of active sexual love between two people in another tradition. He develops the difference that ‘‘to be naked is to be oneself and to be nude is to be seen naked by others and yet not recognized for oneself. However, I think the pictures I saw in the video are familiar with nude painting. Such as the portrait of Nell Gwynne as Venus by Sir Peter Lely. Here her nakedness isn’t her very own statement emotions. It’s an indication of her accommodation to other people.

Question: 2

I think everything begins from the hour of Adam and Eve. The man turned into a delegate of God and the lady gets rebuffed. Also, in the European and Western art men and women had different values. A man is the artist of nude painting and women is the object of art. Unfortunately, it was true. However, I think the equality between men and women changed many things in our society. Now many people understand feminism and respect this. Women’s rights gave women hope to rise and women are rising and still doing it. Presently, people don’t think ladies like an item like the European art. Also, women have the knowledge of who they are and what they are capable of which is a good thing.

Question: 3

The mirror becomes a symbol of vanity/self-importance. A woman may see herself in the mirror to see what she looks or how she should look. And it happens because she is influenced by the opinions, logic or cultural perspective what surrounded by us. However, Berger pointed out that mirror meant vanity to a woman. He also stated that “You painted a naked woman because you enjoyed looking at her, put a mirror in her hand and you called the painting “Vanity,” thus morally condemning the woman whose nakedness you had depicted for you own pleasure.” This remains as one of the most impressive proclamations at any point made about the delineation of ladies in society, art, workmanship and in the public arena. I want to add that here male just showed his own pleasure by doing nude painting and calling it the vanity painting. Furthermore, I believe it has changed and nude painting has become less significant now.